Causes of hypoglycemia

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Causes of hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is most commonly a complication of diabetes treatment (diabetic hypoglycemia). You can develop hypoglycemia by taking too much insulin or other diabetes medicines.

Hypoglycemia may result from a variety of other causes, but these occur much less commonly than diabetes. Other possible causes include:

Medicines. Some medicines used to treat conditions other than diabetes can cause hypoglycemia or hide its symptoms.
Too much insulin. Tumors in the pancreas (insulinomas), certain disorders of the pancreas, or some autoimmune diseases can cause too much insulin to be produced. These conditions are rare.
Factitious hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can be caused intentionally by the inappropriate use of insulin and sulfonylurea medicines. This is most often seen in health professionals and people who have diabetes or their relatives. The reasons for self-induced hypoglycemia vary, and may be associated with psychiatric problems or a need for attention, similar to Munchausen syndrome.
Illnesses and other health conditions. Hypoglycemia may occur when other diseases and disorders affect the body's sugar metabolism. These can include disorders of the pancreas and endocrine system; diseases of the liver, adrenal glands (such as Addison's disease), or kidneys; heart failure, which can impair liver function; and sepsis. In very rare cases, nonpancreatic tumors cause hypoglycemia.
Inborn metabolic problems. In rare cases, hypoglycemia may be caused by inherited enzyme or hormone deficiencies, especially those that affect the metabolism of sugars and other carbohydrates. These conditions are often discovered in infancy or childhood.
Alcohol. In some individuals, drinking alcohol can cause a drop in blood sugar levels. Hypoglycemia has been associated with chronic alcoholism and binge drinking. Hypoglycemia associated with binge drinking can be particularly severe if a person has not eaten within about 6 hours because fasting can impair the liver's ability to make new glucose. The person may fall into a coma, which can be fatal.
Alimentary hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia within 1 to 2 hours after a meal sometimes occurs when stomach contents empty into the intestines too rapidly. This causes the rapid absorption of glucose into the blood and an overproduction of insulin (hyperinsulinism) in response. This problem may develop after surgery for peptic ulcers, obesity, or other stomach problems.
Spontaneous reactive hypoglycemia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia within 1 to 2 hours after a meal in people who have not had stomach surgery is called spontaneous reactive hypoglycemia. It also is sometimes called functional or idiopathic hypoglycemia. In many cases, it is difficult to verify that the symptoms are caused by low blood sugar. Often testing shows normal blood sugar levels and no disease or illness. The cause is not known with certainty.1, 2
Other causes. Hypoglycemia also may occur, though rarely, under certain conditions in early pregnancy or with prolonged fasting or missed meals, severe malnutrition, or prolonged strenuous exercise, such as running a marathon. It may occur in premature or full-term newborns with a low birth weight and in newborns whose mothers have been treated for type 1 diabetes or gestational diabetes.