Autonomic Neuropathy: Diagnosis and Treatment
Autonomic Neuropathy: Diagnosis and Treatment
by Joseph Prendergast, M.D.
Ask most people with diabetes what neuropathy means and theyÌll quickly refer to symptoms of burning feet or numbness in the extremities. But these well-known manifestations of peripheral sensory neuropathy only tell half the story; in fact, as many as 60 percent of people with diabetes may suffer from autonomic neuropathy, another less-mentioned form of peripheral neuropathy. And while autonomic neuropathy may actually be considerably more deadly than its more familiar cousin, awareness of the condition and its dangers is only beginning to grow among doctors and patients alike.
While diabetic sensory neuropathy damages the sensory nerves in the extremities, diabetic autonomic neuropathy involves damage to the nerves serving the heart, all internal organs, and other processes that are not under direct conscious control. Impairment of the nerves serving the bladder or genitalia may cause urinary incontinence or erectile dysfunction. Sweat gland function may be affected, leading to uncontrolled perspiration, or a lack of it, resulting in overheating and dry skin. Autonomic neuropathy may also affect the nerves that internally sense blood pressure, leading to blood pressure that is too high or too low. Yet another complication is gastroparesis, a dysfunction of the stomachÌs autonomic nerves that may lead to slowed digestion, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Recent research indicates that autonomic neuropathyÌs most common and life-threatening consequences may be cardiac. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy can affect both heart rate control and cardiovascular dynamics. Add these effects to the already-serious tendency of diabetes to raise blood lipids and you have a condition ripe for disaster. Studies indicate that the onset of later-stage, symptomatic diabetic autonomic neuropathy is associated with a 50 percent mortality rate over the following five years.
Early detection and intervention are of prime importance in heading off the potentially serious consequences of autonomic neuropathy. Yet surveys indicate that as few as 8 percent of diabetes patients know what autonomic neuropathy is, and only 2 percent believe they have undergone screening. To compound the awareness problem, diabetic neuropathy has a slow and insidious onset, and many patients may suffer from the condition unknowingly for years. Case reports abound in which autonomic neuropathy has gone undetected in patients with other chronic conditions such as ParkinsonÌs disease. Studies indicate that as many as 60 percent of all people with diabetes have some form of neuropathy, although an estimated 30 to 40 percent of those are in the pre-symptomatic stage and are therefore unlikely to know of their condition.
In our practice, we make a concerted effort to quickly identify patients with pre-symptomatic and symptomatic autonomic neuropathy, and then use a variety of interventions to get their condition under control. We routinely measure patientsÌ heart rate variability, which research shows can help detect diabetic autonomic neuropathy in its early pre-symptomatic stages.
The American Heart Association and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists both recently declared heart rate variability as a recommended test for detecting autonomic dysfunction in diabetes. Heart rate variability testing has previously been limited to the research lab setting due to the fact that it called for customized and computerized analysis of electrocardiograms, but today physicians nationwide can incorporate a heart rate variability test, such as the AnscoreÙ Health Management System, into a single office visit.
Using the Anscore System, we look at heart rate variability responses to three easy exercises: 1) the patient takes controlled breaths at a constant rate for 60 seconds; 2) the Valsalva test, in which the patient blows forcibly for a brief period; 3) the patient stands up from a lying position. We look for reduced variability (less of a change in heart rate), a sign that the patientÌs heart response, as provided by the bodyÌs autonomic control center, is not adequate. At least two tests must be performed in order for the test to be conclusive. Sometimes one test result may be abnormal, but the second test result turns out normal. This is because some heart rate variability tests are more sensitive to earlier autonomic nervous system dysfunction than others. This is also due to the fact that test results are based on a combination of activities within the body, which are influenced differently in each patient. As a general rule, the more tests that result in abnormal results, the more severe the end organ damage is to the autonomic nervous system.
With the Anscore heart rate variability test and other test results as our guide, we can quickly set an individualized treatment regimen. The Anscore System also enables us to track patientsÌ heart rate variability over an extended period of time. People with diabetes should be tested for heart rate variability at least once per year as part of their personal diabetes management routine.
More than 25% of diabetics achieve heart rate variability test scores below the 5th percentile (and therefore abnormal) for a healthy population. Therefore, this form of testing identifies a large group with autonomic dysfunction.
When we detect diabetic autonomic neuropathy, the first and most important focus of treatment is blood sugar control. We find that many of our patients, particularly those with Type 2 diabetes, have not been under tight control for some time. Until recently, researchers were unsure as to whether high blood sugar levels were actually responsible for complications of diabetes. In 1993, the results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) largely put those doubts to rest. The nationwide study looked at 1400 people with Type 1 diabetes, half of whom followed their regular self-treatment regimen, and half who adopted a tighter standard for blood sugar control. Early signs of kidney and eye disease were significantly lower in the tighter-control group, and their rates of diabetic neuropathy were 60 percent lower. Tight blood sugar control appeared so beneficial that the study was stopped a full year early so that the results could be announced.
Tight blood sugar control is now the standard treatment for Type 1 diabetes, and additional studies from Japan and Europe indicate that controlling blood sugar slows the development of complications in people with Type 2 as well. Patients with Type 2, however, must walk a finer line; tight blood sugar may have the somewhat paradoxical effect of increasing weight in many patients, and weight gain exacerbates diabetes. Maintaining healthy blood sugar levels while controlling or reducing weight remains a challenge for many people with diabetes. Most diabetologists recommend that people who want to avoid neuropathy should work with an endocrinologist, a dietician and a diabetes nurse educator.
We begin our intervention by introducing the patient to the use of an insulin pump, which we have found extremely effective in helping to control even the most "brittle" diabetic patients. The pump can deliver a slow, steady dose of insulin, mimicking the role of the pancreas, which normally supplies the body with insulin. At the same time, the pump can be set to deliver large "bolus" doses of insulin at mealtimes, again, just as the pancreas does. Our goal is to consistently bring patientsÌ glycoslated hemoglobin levels below 7.0%, and using the pump, we can usually achieve this within one month.
We also use a number of other interventions to ward off coronary artery disease, including administration of 800 mg of the antioxidant vitamin E per day, and l-arginine, an amino acid that smooths the internal lining of blood vessels.
Perhaps the most important things we can do for our patients with diabetes are to make them aware of autonomic neuropathy, to let them know whether they have it, and to help them keep blood sugar levels in an acceptable range. Doing so not only helps reduce the risk of heart disease, but also lowers the risk of diabetic eye, kidney and nerve disease, each of which patients dearly want to avoid.
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy has been called a "silent killer," because so few patients realize that they suffer from it, and yet its effects can be so lethal. With a brief, 15-minute test that we can administer in the office, and some relatively modest interventions, we can help many patients live longer, healthier lives.
Dr. Joseph Prendergast, M.D. is an endocrinologist and founder of the Endocrine Metabolic Medical Center in Redwood City, California. For more information on diabetic autonomic neuropathy and heart rate variability testing, visit www.anscore.com
